School of Marine Affairs

University of Washington

Seattle, WA 98195

 

 

 

 

 

 

INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC PLANNING

FOR MARINE AND COASTAL RESOURCES

SMA 540

 

 

NUMBER OF CREDITS:                       3

 

COURSE TIME:                                    Tuesdays, 2:30 – 4:20 PM

 

 

ROOM:                                                 168 Marine Studies Building

 

INSTRUCTOR’S ADDRESS:                 127 Marine Studies Building, Box 355685

3707 Brooklyn Ave, N.E. Seattle, WA 98195

                                                            (South Campus)

 

INSTRUCTOR:                                     Vlad M. Kaczynski

           

PHONES:                                             (206) 543-0115 (University office), 360-691-2750 (home)

 

FAX:                                                    (206) 543-1417 (University), 360-691-2756 (home)

 

E-mail:                                                  vkaczyn@u.washington.edu (University)

 

                                                            vkaczynski@msn.com (home)

 

 

OFFICE HOURS:                                  Tuesdays 11:30 AM – 12:30 PM and 4:30 - 5:30 PM

Other days: by appointment

 

1. MARINE RESOURCES IN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE

 

            Because of the transboundary character of the marine environment and its resources, international trade, flow of capital and mobility of labor force few local marine economic activities can be sustainably developed in isolation without considering their international implications. These activities and their impacts include open ocean and coastal fishing, mariculture, off-shore oil and gas exploitation, coastal urban and industrial development and natural run-off from the land, directly or via rivers and other pollution inputs. Markets for seafood, timber, oil and gas, ship construction and marine tourism have become more and more regional and global and as such should be studied in an international context.

            The intensity and exploitation patterns of the marine and coastal resources and habitats are increasingly affected by the human population size and the level of socio-economic development. The population growth, and its continuing concentration in coastal zones and coastal urban centers ("littoralization" of populations), implies intensive living and non-living resource use and higher demand for coastal land. Uncontrolled industrialization of coastal areas and pollution affect coastal tourism and recreation and the status of living-resources that are harvested by industrial fleets or artisanal fisheries. Poorly planned industrial development, market distortions (subsidies, trade barriers and price controls) introduced by governments together with growing urbanization of many coastal regions have collectively lead to adverse impacts on natural coastal systems throughout the world.

            To secure their sustainability coordinated policy measures, in many cases of international character, must be taken to conserve and protect ocean and coastal resources that form the basis of marine economies in many industrialized and developing countries. The following questions could be posed when dealing with these problems:

a)  What are the links between policy measures introduced by governments, regional organizations and the global economy and marine and coastal resource use patterns, international trade, foreign investment and private business?

 

b) What can be done to address increasing population pressures and international demand for marine environmental goods and services so marine and coastal resources are used in sustainable manner and ecosystem loss trends could be slowed down or reversed?

 

2. A GLOBAL VISION AND APPROACH

           

a) Population, consumption and globalization of the world economy

 

Among the most important factors affecting the world marine environment are the growing demand for ocean and coastal resources, changing patterns of their use, and globalization of the world economy through growing trade, flow of capital and intensifying communications. There is an increased awareness that investment practices in marine sectors (fisheries, aquaculture, coastal land use) must be tailored to fit within the marine ecosystem-based constraints. Analysis of changes taking place in development strategies of individual countries and their economic policies affecting marine resources highlights the importance of interdisciplinary research and application of international perspective.

            Consequently there is a need to determine what local, national, regional and global factors contribute to the growing pressures on the marine resources and what is the interrelationship between international economic integration and the use of these resources by producing (exporting) and consuming (importing) countries.

            The unprecedented escalation in both human population and consumption in the 20^th century has resulted in environmental crises never before encountered in the history of humankind and the world. They result in growing pressures on the world’s aquatic resources that can not be sustained. Particularly affected are living and aquaculture-supporting resources, water, and upstream and coastal forests and lands. Intensified exploitation of these resources is a result of the growing demand for seafood, timber, waterfront lands, and marine environmental services including their landscape and tourism values.

            International investment, trade and business practices that are undertaken on a regional and global basis are affected by governmental policies and international factors. These include prices, trade tariffs and trade barriers, financial markets, and an increasingly overall national wealth and buying power.

            Prices may not reflect the full social and environmental costs of pollution, loss of biodiversity and other environmental degradation, or subsidies that may encourage wasteful exploitation of some resources. Subsidies and some other forms of intervention by the government into the marine economy are frequently reflecting policies designed to support particular groups of interests. They generate conflicts and distortions in the market that have business, economic, socio-political and international implications.

 

b) Strategic Significance of Inequalities

 

At the time when the United States and many other Western states enjoyed significant economic growth during last two decades, many III World counties including these located in Sub-Saharan Africa, SE Asia and several economies in transition suffered an outright decline in welfare.

In many poor countries, in spite of great potential of their coastal resources, technological, economic and managerial capabilities to use them do not exist or in order to gain badly needed hard currency they export their coastal and sea resources thus feeding rich industrialized markets. As a result deficits of food and economic inequities are deepening in the III World. These trends are exasperated by declining fish resources, deterioration of coastal lands, urban sprawl in the coastal areas and increased water and land pollution.

Is there a strategic significance to global inequities in income levels and economic growth, and, if so, which policy might the United States and other industrialized countries pursue to address those strategic concerns?

The similar question may be posed in regard to Western ocean policy toward developing countries having in mind continuing deterioration of marine and coastal environments and declining possibilities to sustainably use their marine resources by their growing populations.

 

c) Private vs. public sector perspective

 

            The present and future state of the marine resources is strongly affected by the governmental interventions as expressed by development and conservation strategies and by the private sector response to these interventions. To better understand these responses on an international scale the course is to apply principles used by the private sector such as cost-benefit and risk-benefit assessment, trade-off analysis and other methods. This is to facilitate the students’ understanding of interrelationships between marine resource policies that reflect global environmental change and integration of the world economy, and investment strategies of private business particularly in the trade and finance. But globalization also demands more of governmental interventions. As firms face more intense international competition their needs for clear rules, a stable environment, access to imports, efficient infrastructure, and freedom from red tape increases. And greater reliance on private sources of finance makes it essential to promote economic stability and confidence in capital markets.

 

 

 

 

3. OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE

 

a) To better understand how human activities in marine economic sectors respond to global changes in the marine environment and to public policies related to the development and management of the ocean and coastal resources in the III World countries.

 

b) To analyze major challenges to the marine environment resulting from increased population, intensifying international trade, transboundary implications of marine resource uses, and transfer of investment capital from industrialized to marine economies of developing nations.

 

c)    To provide conceptual link between inequality, its strategic significance and marine development strategies of international donor community and non-governmental organizations in the developing countries and economies in transition.

 

d)    To offer faculty guidance for students in their own research projects related to the course topics

 

4. ANTICIPATED BENEFITS

 

            The course will:

 

            a) Increase awareness of the impacts caused by increasing population pressures on the marine and coastal environments as well as on international and national business practices in response to public policy measures on allocation, management and conservation of the marine resources.

 

            b) Familiarize students with impacts of international markets, demand, prices, trade patterns, investment policies of governments and international donor organizations on the intensity and patterns of marine resource exploitation by the private sector.

           

            c) Increase understanding of marine-environmental implications of the globalization of marine economies on coastal, developing and industrialized countries.

 

 

5. COURSE REQUIREMENTS

 

a)         Reading Report

 

            Students are expected to prepare and present one Reading Report. This report is to address the topic selected from required reading. Students are advised to select the topic of the Report as soon as possible (preferably during second or third course meeting) so the instructor could establish timetable for their presentations and coordinate them with his own lectures. Timing of the Reading Report presentation will be agreed upon individually with each student.

            Student presentation and discussion should not be longer than 35 minutes. Use of statistical evidence and visual means (overhead projector, maps, statistical evidence, etc.) is strongly recommended. Written summary of the Report should be delivered to the instructor after conclusion of the student's presentation. It should not be longer than 1-2 pages.

            Criteria for topic selection are: student's personal interest, long-term research objectives and expected term paper's topic, availability of the source materials and instructor's recommendation.

 

b)         Research Paper

 

            Writing of the Research Paper on selected and important marine resource- strategic investment planning and related policy problems is the most important Student's contributions to the course. Selection of the research topic is usually made in cooperation with the instructor who will advise students on sources of additional information and could help in designing an outline of the study. Students are expected to use materials available in the Course Reader, library sources, statistics and various publications such as articles, studies, books and other materials related to the course and the research topic.

            The paper should not be longer than 15 pages single spaced, single-sided including cover page, table of contents and tables and/or graphs. The paper should be composed of Introduction, Chapters and Subchapters, Conclusions and Bibliography. The research made for Reading Report topic can be used for Research Paper writing.

            The deadline for submission of the research paper is five working days after the University final examination date.

 

 

            No examination will be given.

 

            The Reading Report will contribute 35% toward the final grade, while the research paper's contribution is 50%. Participation in the class discussions contributes the final 15% of the grade.

 

 

c) Support of the Course Instructor

 

i)          Individual Consultations

 

            The Reading Report and Research Paper topics, additional information on sources and method of analysis, approach and other advice can be obtained by each student during individual consultations with the course instructor. These consultations could be organized by appointment or students can use Email for quick interactions with the instructor.

 

ii)         Evaluation of Research Papers

 

            Students are recommended to contact the instructor after grade submission date or in the beginning of the following quarter in order to pick up their research papers and to discuss strengths and weaknesses of these studies.

 

 

6. COURSE ORGANIZATION

 

            Part I - establishes conceptual framework of analysis bringing those principles of the economic (primarily neoclassical) concepts of the public sector that put into context the reason for specific governmental interventions (policies, sector development strategies, regulation of access to the resources, etc.) and how investment projects or private business activities respond to these interventions.

            Selected project evaluation techniques are to be discussed including the cost-benefit comparison and public versus private cost evaluation of some investment projects. In this part of the course presentations are to address strategic planning models considering industrialized, III World and perspectives of economies in transition.

 

            Part II - presents selected regional case studies with some quantitative and qualitative analysis of major trends and choices available for the Government and the private sector when stipulating marine and coastal resource development and management. This task could be supported by a couple of short feasibility studies prepared by students for selected investment projects (for example, land processing in fisheries, international trade, coastal tourism or aquaculture activity) with particular emphasis on their welfare implications for the public sector (hard currency revenues, etc.), private enterprises (profits, jobs, profitability) and the national economy in general (conservation, secondary effects of the private sector’s investment projects).

 

 

 

 

7. COURSE TOPICS AND READINGS

 

            During each course meeting approximately 50 min. will be used by the instructor for topic presentation. The remaining time is reserved for question-answer sessions, discussions and student presentations.

 

 

 

            Required reading material is listed immediately after each course topic. Students are expected to be familiar with corresponding readings before planned course meeting.

 

 

Part I - Marine and Coastal Environmental Management and Policy Implications:

An Interdisciplinary Analysis

 

 

Topic 1: Linking Marine and Land Resource Use and Management

 

The State of World Fishery Resources and Aquaculture, 2002, FAO, Rome 2003

http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y7300e/y7300e04.htm

 

Sanderson, E. W., Malanding, J., Levy M.A., Redford, K. H., Wannebo A. V. and Woolmer G. (2002) The Human Footpring and the Last of the Wild. BioScience, No. 10., Vol.52, October.

 

 

Topic 2. Review and Evaluation of International Environmental Conflicts:

Focus on Aquatic Resources.

 

Guest Lecture by Prof. Adam Budnikowski, Warsaw School of Economics, Poland

 

 

Renner, M. (2002) Breaking the link Between Resources and Repression. Chapter 7. The State of the World 2002Norton/Worldwatch Books.

 

Bannon I., Collier P., (Eds.) (2003), Natural Resources and Conflict: What We Can Do? (Chapter 1),

Ross, M. (2003) The Natural Resource Curse: How Wealth Can Make You Poor? (Chapter 2)

All in: Natural Resources and violent conflict: Options and Actions, The World Bank.

 

 

Topic 3. Impacts of Population Pressures and Globalization on Marine Environments in

Developing Countries

 

Kaczynski, V.M., Fluharty, L. D. (Editors), (1999) Impacts of Population & Markets on Sustainability of the Ocean and Coastal Resources: Perspectives of Developing and Transition Economies of the North Pacific (Collection of Papers of the International Conference on Sustainability of the Ocean and Coastal Resources: The Perspectives of Developing and Transition Economies of the North Pacific. Seattle, June 3 – 4, 1999. Background Paper.

 

Torres R. (2001), Towards a Socially Sustainable World Economy. International Labor Office, Geneva.

 

Dasgupta, P. S. ( 1995) Population, Poverty and the Local Environment. Scientific American, February 1995.

 

 

Topic 4. International Trade and Sustainability of Marine and Coastal Resources

 

Kaczynski, V.M., (2004) Impact of International on Sustainability of Marine and Coastal Resources in Developing Countries, in: Environmental Protection and Globalization and Economic Integration, Warsaw School of Economics, Warszawa.

 

Enriquez Andrade, R. (1999), Impacts of NAFTA and International Market Demand on Mexican Coastal and Ocean Resources, in: Kaczynski, V.M., Fluharty, L. D. (Editors), (1999) Impacts of of Population & Markets on Sustainability of the Ocean and Coastal Resources: Perspectives Developing and Transition Economies of the North Pacific (Collection of Papers of the International Conference on Sustainability of the Ocean and Coastal Resources: The Perspectives of Developing and Transition Economies of the North Pacific. Seattle, June 3 – 4, 1999, pp.199 – 211.

 

 

Topic 4. Strategic Significance of Global Inequality: Marine View

 

Sachs, D. J., (2001) The Strategic Significance of Global Inequality, The Washington Quarterly, No. 24, pp. 187 – 198.

 

Kaczynski, V. M. (2002), US Marine Policy Toward the III World, SMA, Manuscript in:

http://www.sma.washington.edu/research/pog/policy_world.html

 

Brown, L. R., (2001), Eradicating Hunger: A Growing Challenge, The State of the World 2001,

World Watch Institute, Washington, D. C. pp. 43 - 62

 

 

Topic 5. Planning Investment Projects in Coastal Economy : The III World Perspective

 

 

An Overview of the Marine Fisheries Sector in West Africa: Scope for World Bank Assistance, Rural Development Department, The World Bank, Washington, D.C., July 2002

 

Guidelines for the Economic Analysis of Projects, Asian Development Bank, Economic and Development Resource Center, February. pp. 1 – 51

 

Kaczynski, V.M., Looney, S.W., (2000), Coastal Resources as an Engine of Economic Growth and Reduction of Poverty in West Africa: Policy Considerations, Coastal Management, No. 28, pp. 235-248.

 

 

Topic 6. Resources, Marine Environment and Poverty

 

Population and Human Development, World Resources 1996 – 1997, World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C. 1998, pp. 173 - 191

 

The sustainability of development in Latin America and the Caribbean: challenges and opportunities (2002) Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, UNEP, Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean. Chapter 1: Economic performance in the 1990’s. Chapter 4: The environmental situation in the region. Pp. 73 – 143.

 

 

Part II - Case Studies

 

Topic 7. Effects of Population Growth and Consumption Patterns on Marine

Resources in China

 

Watson, R., Pang, L., Pauly, D. (2003), The Marine Fisheries of China: Development and Reported Catches, Fisheries Centre Research Reports, Volume 9, No. 2, University of British Columbia

 

 

Topic 8. Resource Management in Transition Economies: The Case of Russia

 

Kaczynski, V. M., (2003) Russian Marine Resource Policy Reforms and Their Strategic

Significance for the West, Draft, School of Marine Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.

 

 

Topic 9. Access Rights to Marine and Coastal Resources in Africa

 

V.M. Kaczynski, Dave L. Fluharty, (2002) European Policies in West Africa: who benefits from fisheries agreements? Marine Policy Journal. No. 26, pp.75-93

Kleinschmidt, Horst, Sauer Warwick, Britz, Peter, Reconciling equity and stability in the South African fishing industry, in: Fishing Industry Handbook, South Africa, Namibia and Mozambique, pp.241 – 245.

 

Klages, N., Paterson, A., Sauer, W., Shipton T., Vromain, D. (2003), Towards a Management Plan for the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality Coastal Area: A Starter Document, National Port Authority of South Africa, Port Elizabeth, Republic of South Africa, pp. Vol. I: pp. 10 – 29, Vol. II: pp. 48 – 72, Vol. III: 97 – 138.

 

Baraki A., Bergh, M. (2002), Thoughts on the World Summit on Sustainable Development: Allocation of Access Rights to Fish Resources, in: Fishing Industry Handbook, South Africa, Namibia and Mocambique, pp. 236 – 240.